BM-14

Soviet Union
Truck (1952) - c5000 built

Upgrading the Katyusha

The experience of Katyushas in WW2 such as the iconic BM-13 a weapons system adapted on many truck platform, became one of the favorite alternatives to traditional artillery used by the Soviet Union. They were far easier, simpler to use, cheaper, less labour-intensive and requiring small crews compared to traditional artillery, which needed time to deploy and could only land ordnance so much in a short time. The rocket launcher, also used by the Germans almost from the start of WW2 was found a quick and powerful solution to saturate any point of the front. By 1945, the Soviet Union had more rocket launching vehicles than any other country. It stayed potent enough to be kept in the cold war inventory for decades. Only the systems became more accurate and the rocket, longer range and more deadly, and of course, new truck platforms were introduced.

The BM-14 is an older Soviet multiple rocket launcher system that preceded the BM-21 Grad. It was developed in the late 1940s and early 1950s and saw extensive use in various conflicts during the Cold War era. It was a Multiple Rocket Launcher System (MRLS) firing sixteen 140 mm rockets or 17 (see variants) which could reach a range of 9.8 km to 10.8 km, depending on the rocket variant and was typically mounted on a ZIL-157 or ZIL-131 6x6 truck, providing off-road mobility or the nimbler 4x4 GAZ 63. All rockets could be launched in about 7–10 seconds. The vehicle had a 5-person crew. The BM-14 was designed for area bombardment, firing a salvo of unguided rockets at enemy targets. It was especially effective against concentrations of infantry, artillery positions, and lightly armored vehicles, though its range and firepower were less advanced compared to later systems.

Detailed Design

The BM-14 (BM for Boyevaya Mashina or 'combat vehicle') was designed from the start by NII 303 bureau as a 140mm multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) which mount had the advantage of having both traverse and elevation, making it more useful than the simple fixed ramps of earlier vehicles. The core of the system were the 140 mm M-14 rockets dispensing a high-explosive fragmentation warhead on target, or a smoke warhead, or a chemical warhead on demnad. It was designed to replace the BM-13 "Katyusha" until replace itself late by the BM-21 Grad. The base launcher was developed in a 16 and 17-round variants, lackiong accuracy but very effective in saturation fire.

The truck itself varied greatly between variants, in order, the ZIS-151 (6x6), ZIL-157 (6x6), GAZ-63A (4x4) and finally the GAZ-66 (4x4). Given the small size of the launcher it made more sense on a lighter 4x4 truck, freeing larger models for other uses. In all cases, the flatbed received fixations for the launcher to be fixed atop the rear twin or single axle depending on the case, with tailored mudguards place above. The launcher was manually operated and pointed on target by one member of the crew, with handle wheels for elavation and traverse. The truck itsef was unarmoured, except in sime version armoured windows were procured for the size and front windows and unarmed for close defence except for a machine gun on the roof if the model was provided with a hatch for the co-driver. The two other crew members helped reloading the vehicle after firing if needed.

M14 Rocket


The towed launcher RPU-14

The main reason for the vehicle to exist was its BM-14 launcher equipped with the same mass-produced 140mm rockets of the M-14-series, also called "M14 artillery rockets", with a minimum range of 3.8 kilometers (2.4 mi) and maximum range of 9.8 kilometers (6.1 mi). Three models were available:
  • M-14-OF: high-explosive fragmentation (HE-Frag) warhead 3.68 kilograms (8.1 lb) TNT.
  • M-14-D: Smoke warhead (white phosphorus).
  • M-14-S: Chemical warhead (2.2 kilograms/4.9 lb sarin).
The 140 mm (5.5 in) rockets were 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long and weighted each 39.6 kg (87 lb). Muzzle velocity was 400 m/s (1,300 ft/s) at a max range of 9.8 km (6.1 mi) The launcher could elevate at +50° and traverse 180° on either side.

Variants

The vehicle as it existed in its basic form was called the BM-14 GRAU designator 8U32 as carrying the initial launcher with two rows of 8 and mounted on the 1952 ZIS-151 6x6 truck. It was later retrospectively called the BM-14-16. The next BM-14M GRAU 2B2 was improved with the same launcher but mounted on the more modern 1958 ZIL-157, produced from there. The next BM-14MM, GRAU 2B2R, was the final upgrade of the 17-tube launcher this time mounted on the 1960s ZIL-131. Production stopped and concentrated on the 17 barrle versions, seems more promising.

The BM-14-17 (8U35) managed to place 17-round in a 8 top, 9 bottom tubes on a more compact and light launcher, which could be mounted on the much smaller 4x4 GAZ-63A. It was eveloped in 1959 and allowed to free the larger ZIL-151/157 for their transport role. This small launcher was also convenient fior other used and notably was adopted by the Navy for ground support on riverine vessels and the used Project 1204 patrol boats. The next iteration of the 17-tubes variant was the BM-14-17M, GRAU 8U35M which swapped the GAZ-63A for the even lighter and more recent GAZ-66 4x4 truck. This was the last variant, largely exported and used until 1990 despite the success of the BM-21 Grad. There was also a twoed variant called the RPU-14, GRAU designation 8U38 which was the 16-round version on a reconverted 85 mm D-44 gun carriage, only deployed by Soviet Airborne Troops, until replaced by the modern BM-21V "Grad-V".

BM-14-16: (8U32)Initial 16-round model with two rows on the ZIS-151 (1952), also BM-14-16.
BM-14-17: (8U35) Variant with 17 rocket tubes on the GAZ-63A.
BM-14-17M: (8U35M) Variant on the GAZ-66.
BM-14M: (2B2) Modernized version with better fire control on the ZIL-157.
BM-14MM: (2B2R) final upgrade on the ZIL-131.
RPU-14: (8U38) towed version.

Operators

  • Algeria: 48 BM-14/16
  • Angola, BM-14-16s during the Angolan Civil War, possibly ex-Cuban.
  • Cambodia: 20 BM-14-16
  • Republic of Congo ? unknown
  • Cuba: Same
  • Egypt: 32
  • Indonesia Indonesian Marine Corps (Korps Marinir) operated 36 BM-14-17 launchers
  • North Korea: Type 63 130mm on GAZ-63 copy
  • Poland: Unknown numbers, replaced BM-21s 1970s
  • Russia: Only BM-14-17 mounted on Shmel-class Project 1204 PBs
  • Somalia − BM-14-16 and BM-14-17
  • South Yemen: 15 BM-14 in 1989.
  • Syria: 200 BM-14 purchased in 1967, retired 2016.
  • Vietnam: Purchased or donated from 1967.
BM-14-17 (GAZ-63A)
Dimensions:5.4 x 1.9 x 2.24 m (17 ft 9 in x 6 ft 3 in x 7 ft 4 in)
Weight:5,323 kg (11,735 lb)
Tires:4x4 chassis
Crew:6
Propulsion:GAZ-51 6-cyl. petrol 70 HP
Speed:65 km/h (40 mph)
Range:650 km (400 mi)
Payload:17x 140 mm 39.6 kg L14 rockets
Production:

Service



The BM-14 was used by the Soviet Union and its allies during the Cold War and was exported to numerous countries. It saw action in conflicts in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. However, by the late 1960s and 1970s, it was largely replaced by the BM-21 Grad in Soviet and other Warsaw Pact arsenals due to the latter’s superior range, firepower, and mobility. Despite being an older system, some countries continued to use the BM-14 due to its low cost and ease of operation, particularly in irregular or insurgent forces.

In 2013 such systems were spotted in August in use during the Syrian Civil War, with M-14 rocket engines identified and collected by the U.N. fact-finding mission in the Muadamiyat al-Sham district, Damascus, of the chemical type. (Attack on Western Ghouta, 21 August).

Sources



soviet-mlrs-1950-1960
militaryfactory.com
weaponsystems.net
militaryperiscope.com
weaponsystems.net
wiki BM-14
Author's Renditions

BM-14-16 on a ZIL-151


BM-14-16M on a ZIL-157


BM-14-17 on GAZ 63A


BM-17-17M on GAZ-66

Gallery


Navy BM-14-17 (8U36) on Gaz 63A chassis

Polish BM-14-17 (8U36) on the Gaz-63A

BM-14-16 on GAZ-63

140 mm BM-14-16 (8U32) on Zis 151 chassis

140 mm BM-14-17 M (8U36M) on Gaz-66B chassis

140 mm BM-14-17 (8U36) on GAZ-63 chassis

40 mm BM-14-16 on 6x6 Zis-151 chassis, Moscow may 1959

Chinese copycat: 130mm Type 63 (19 rockets) on Nanjing NJ-230, copy of the GAZ-63 truck. Fort Sill, Oklahoma

Video

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Artillery tractors
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-Kommunar (504 pre-war)
-YA-12 (1,666)
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Soviet ww2 Czech Trucks
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-Praga RN (1933)
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-Praga T6 (1937) artillery tractor
-Praga RV (1934)
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-Tatra 26
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Buick Century Series 60
1941 Plymouth P11 Staff Car
Ford Fordor 1942 Staff Car
Harley-Davidson WLA motorcycle
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  • Allis-Chalmers Model L
  • G-022 Caterpillar Model 60
  • G-89 Caterpillar RD7
  • G-98, G-107 Allis-Chalmers HD-10DW
  • G-101 International Harvester TD-18
  • G-126 Caterpillar D7
  • G-153 Caterpillar D8

Axis ww2 Axis Trucks


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Sd.Kfz 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 were half-tracks designed just before the war as prime movers, to carry supplies, ammunition, personal, and tow artillery. Many were also converted during the war as armored versions carrying AA FLAK guns (Flakvierling, 37 mm, or the legendary 88 mm Rheinmetall als used as tank hunters), or were converted as nebelwerfer (rocket launching armored vehicles). They were built by Hanomag, Steyr, Mercedes-Benz, Bussing and many other manufacturers until 1945, over 20,000 half-tracks.

German ww2 German Military trucks
-Opel Blitz
-Mercedes-Benz L3000
-Magirus A3000
-Krupp Protze Kfz.19
-Krupp Protze Kfz.21
-Krupp Protze Kfz.68
-Krupp Protze Kfz.69
-Krupp Protze Kfz.70
-Krupp Protze Kfz.81
-Krupp Protze Kfz.21
-Krupp Protze Kfz.83
-Borgward B 3000
-Skoda Rad Schlepper
-Ost RSO Porsche 175
-Steyr Type 2000A
-Einheits Lkw Kfz.62
-Krupp LKW L3
-Bussing-Nag 4500
-Opel Blitz Omnibus
-Bussing-Nag L
-Mercedes-Benz L1500
-Beute Studebaker
-Krupp L3H
-Hanomag SS-100
-Beute Ford B3000 S, V3000S, V3000A
-Beute Ford model BB
-Beute Ford model V8-51
-Beute Tatra 111

German ww2 German Half Tracks

-Sd.Kfz.2 Kettenkrad
-Sd.Kfz.3 Maultier
-Sd.Kfz.4 Panzerwerfer
-Sd.Kfz.6
-Sd.Kfz.7
-Sd.Kfz.8
-Sd.Kfz.9
-Sd.Kfz.10
-Sd.Kfz.11
-Schwere Wehrmachtsschlepper
-Leichte Wehrmachtsschlepper
-Raupenschlepper Ost

German ww2 German Staff Cars

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-Horch 108
-Kfz.15 Horch 901
-VW 182 Kübelwagen
-VW Schwimmwagen
italy ww2 Italian Military trucks
L. Trucks (Autocarro Leggere)
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-SPA TL.37
-SPA AS.37 Sahariano
-SPA CL39
-SPA ТМ40
-Fiat 618
Med. Trucks (Autocarro Medio)
-Alfa Romeo 430RE
-Alfa Romeo 800RE
-Bianchi Miles
-Ceirano-50СМ
-FIAT-626 NM
-Isotta Fraschini D65
-Isotta Fraschini D80
-SPA Dovunque-35
-SPA Dovunque-41
-SPA-36R
-SPA-38R
-Autocarro Dovunque SPA 41/42 1

H. Trucks (Autocarro Gigante)
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-FIAT-634NM
-FIAT-666
-Fiat 661
-Lancia Ro
-Lancia 3Ro and TE
-Lancia EsaRo
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-ОМ Titano
-Autocarri Unificati Ursus

italy ww2 Artillery tractors
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-Breda TP 40
-Breda TP 41
-Breda 6x4 51
-90/53 su Breda 52
-Breda 61 (licenced SdKfz-7)
-Fiat-SPA T.L.37
-Pavesi Р4.31 (L140)
-Fiat 727 half-track artillery tractor
-SPA TM40 wheeled artillery tractor

italy ww2 Staff Cars
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-Fiat 508M Ballila
-Fiat 508CM Coloniale
-Fiat 1100 (1937) (Balilla-1100 Coloniale)
-Lancia Aprilia Coloniale
-Bianchi VM 6C
-Fiat 2800 CMC

italy ww2 Motorcycles
-Benelli 500 M36/VLM
-Bianchi Supermil 500
-Gilera 500 LTE
-Moto Guzzi Alce/Trialce
-Volugrafo Aermoto 125
Japan ww2 IJA/IJN ww2 vehicles
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-Isuzu Type 94 truck
-Type 94 6-Wheeled Truck
-Type 95 Mini-truck
-Type 97 4-Wheeled Truck
-Type 1 6-Wheeled Truck
-Type 2 Heavy Truck
-Toyota KB/KC Truck
-Nissan 80 Truck
-Nissan 180 Truck
Japan ww2 Tractors
-Type 92 5 t Prime Mover "I-Ke"
-Type 98 6 t Prime Mover "Ro-Ke"
-Type 92 8 t Prime Mover "Ni-Ku"
-Type 95 13 t Prime Mover "Ho-Fu"
-Type 94 4 t Prime Mover "Yo-Ke"
-Type 98 4 t Prime Mover "Shi-Ke"
-Type 96 AA Gun Prime Mover
-Type 98 20 mm AA Machine Cannon Carrier
-Type 98 Half-tracked Prime Mover "Ko-Hi"
-Type 98 20 mm AA Half-Track Vehicle
-Experimental Heavy Gun Tractor Chi-Ke
-Experimental Crawler Truck
-T G Experimental Crawler Truck
-Fordson Prime Mover
-Pavessi Gun Tractor
-50 hp Gun Tractor
-Komatsu 3 ton Tractor
-Light Prime Mover
-Clarton Prime Mover
-Holt 30

Japan ww2 Staff cars
-Toyota AA/AB/AC
-Type 93 6/4-Wheeled Passenger Car
-Type 95 Passenger Car "Kurogane"
-Type 98 Passenger Car
-Model 97 Nissan Staff Car, Nissan 70

Japan ww2 Motorcycles
-Rikuo Motorcycle
-Rikuo Type 97 Motorcycle
-Rikuo Type 93 side car

Japan ww2 Misc.
-Type 94 Ambulance
-Type 94 Repair Vehicle

Cold War & Modern Vehicles

Section pending completion.
BAV-485 * MAZ-543 * GAZ 46 * GAZ 67B * GAZ/UAZ-69 * GAZ 51 * GAZ 63* ZIL-131 * GAZ 66 * KrAZ-214 * KrAZ-255 * KrAZ-260 * KZKT-7428 * MAZ-535 * MAZ-537 * MAZ-7310 * Ural 375 * URAL 4320 * ZIL-135 * ZIL-151 * ZIL-157 * ZIL-157/PR-11M * ZIL-6 * ZIL-6 * 9P140 Uragan * 9K33 Osa * AT-L


* * * * Praga V3S * Tatra 813
Ford G398 * Borgward BE3000 * Henschel HS 115 * Hanomag AL 28 * Mercedes Standard 4.5L * Mercedes LG 315/46 * Magirus-Deutz 170 * Magirus-Deutz 232 * Magirus-Deutz Jupiter 6x6 * Magirus-Deutz A 6500 * MAN KAT-1 * SLT 50 Elefant TT * Liebherr 8x8 GLW * MAN TGM Mil 18 4x4 * Liebherr 4x4 FKL * MAN 630 L2 * Mercedes LA * Unimog 404 2.5 standard * DKW Munga (1956) * Mercedes G-class * Volkswagen Type 181 (1968) * Volkswagen Iltis (1978) * MAN LX Tactical Trucks * M3 Amphibious Rig * Ford Taunus
Willys Jeep CJ series * Jeep M606 * Jeep M38A1 * Jeep M170 * M151 Mutt * M422 Mighty Mite * CJ V-35(/U) * M274 4x4 "Mule" * M37 Series 4x4 "Power Wagon" * M35 Series 6x6 * M54 Series 6x6 * M123/M125 6x6 * M715 series 4x4 * M561 6x6 "Gamma Goat" * M656 Series 8x8 * M880 series 4x4 * M809 series 6x6 * M520 4x4 "Goer" * M915 series 6x4 * M911 C-MET 8x6 * CUCV M1008 4x4 * HMMWV 4x4 * M939 Series 6x6 * HEMTT M977 8x8

Land-Rover * Bedford RL * Bedford TK/MK * Bedford TM * AEC Militant * Austin K9 * AEC Mandator TEL * Land rover LWB SAS

IFA G5

Nissan 2.5 Truck * * Hitachi Type 73 artillery tractor (1974) * Toyota Type 73 * Isuzu HST * Nissan Patrol * Mitsubishi Type 73 * Toyota Land Cruiser *
Jiefang CA10 * Jiefang CA30
Beijing BJ212 * Beijing BJ2020 * Dongfeng EQ240/EQ2081 * Dongfeng EQ245/EQ2100 * Dongfeng EQ2050 * FAW MV3 * Hanyang HY4260 * Hanyang HY4330 * HTF5680A1 * SFQ2040 LieYing * Xiaolong XL2060 * Jiefang CA-30 * NJ2045/2046 * Shaanxi SX2190 * Shaanxi SX2150 * TA580/TAS5380 * TA5450/TAS5450 * TAS5500 * TAS5570 * TAS5690 * Type 82 truck * WS2300 * WS2400 * WS2500 * Wanshan W-2600 * WS21200 * WS51200
Renault TRM 10000 GP | Renault RM 700-100 TT | Renault TRM 2000 lorry | Berliet GBC 8 TK & Renault GBC 180 | Renault Kerax* | Iveco PPT3 | PML VPCM | Scania CCP10 | Scania TRA TOE NG | Renault ESRC | Renault ESRC AVIT | Renault CCPTA | Mercedes CCP3/5 | Renault Carapace | Renault CDLR | Renault PPDL | Renault CDLR CBH 385 | VLTT | Grizzly LUV | VOS-APP LUV | VOS-PAT LUV | Acmat VLRA | Panhard VPS LUV | Aquus AREG VLFS | Renault T4 VLTP NG | Arquus Trapper VT4 | French Mil. Quads | Renault Kangoo | French Bulldozers | Souvim Minesweeper | EFA Bridgelayer | Renault PFM BDL | SPRAT AVLB

Belgium:

F.N. AS 24 "tricar/trike"

Sweden:

Scania T112

Japan:

Isuzu TSD-45

Modern Trucks

Section pending completion.

India:

Tatra Prithvi | Ashok-Leyland Agni II TEL

Italy:

Iveco ACTL

Romania:

AMT 25, AMT 950, DAC, Roman, Dacia Duster.

Indonesia:

Rantis P6 ATAV

Russia:

UAZ Esaul * Kamaz 6560 * Pantsir S1 * 9K720 Iskander |

France:

Renault TRM 10000 GP | Renault RM 700-100 TT | Renault TRM 2000 lorry | <Renault Kerax | Iveco PPT3 | PML VPCM | Scania CCP10 | Scanian TRA TOE NG | Renault ESRC | Renault ESRC AVIT | Renault CCPTA | Mercedes CCP3/5 | Renault Carapace | Renault CDLR | Renault PPDL | Renault CDLR CBH 385 | VLTT | Grizzly LUV | VOS-APP LUV | VOS-PAT LUV | Acmat VLRA | Panhard VPS LUV | Aquus AREG VLFS | Renault T4 VLTP NG | | French Mil. Quads | Renault Kangoo | French Bulldozers | Souvim Minesweeper | EFA Bridgelayer | Renault PFM BDL | SPRAT AVLB

Germany:

Mercedes 250GD Wolf | Mercedes Wolf SSA | Mercedes G300 Greenliner | VW T3/T4/T6 van | BWM G650 GS | BMW F850 GS | BMW R1150 RT | BMW R1200 RT | KTM 400LS-E BdW | LIV(SO) Serval | German quads | Faun LST50-3 Elefant | Faun STL56 Franziska | Faun SLT Mammut | RMT HX81 | SAANH 70T | Mercedes Unimog U3/4/5000 | Mercedes Zetros | MAN KAT1 | RMT Multi 2 | RMT WLS 6x6 | RMT UTF WLKS 8x8 | | MAN TGS 8x4 | MAN TGS 6x4 | MAN RMMV TGA | Mercedes Atego | Mercedes Axor | EWK M3 Amph.Rig | Liebherr FKL | Liebherr FKM | T.Faun FKS ATF 30-2 | T.Faun FKS ATF 70-4 | T.Faun FKS ATF 100-5 | T.Faun FKS ATF 110-5 | T.Faun FKS ATF 120-5 Obelix | Steinbrock 2.5 Y4 | Herbst-Smag Orion V | Konecrane SMV 2216 TC3 | Ahlmann AS1600 | Liebherr 574 | MAN Cobra Radar | Liebherr LTM 1050

Netherlands:

Defenture Mammoth | to come | placeholder | MLC-70 WGMST

Spain:

➹ Santana Anibal

Turkey:

United Kingdom:

RWMIK land rover | Toyota Jankel Al-Thalab | Sky Sabre | Alvis Unipower | land Rover Wolf | Land Rover Defender BFA | Alvis Supacat ATMP | Marshall Gasket 3 | MAN SV (Mark I-III)

USA:

Interim Fast Attack Vehicle | M1161 Growler | Boeing Phantom Badger | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |